Journal: MethodsX
Article Title: Preparation and characterization of coconut shell activated carbon supported titanium dioxide nanocomposite (CSAC-P-TiO 2— NC)
doi: 10.1016/j.mex.2026.103862
Figure Lengend Snippet: (A – F) High Resolution TEM images of CSAC-TiO 2 –NC.
Article Snippet: In this study, the average size of the crystallite was calculated with the Debye-Scherer’s in ; (10) D = K λ β C O S θ Given that: D is the crystalline size, K is grain shape factor (for spherical grain shape, it is approximately 0.94), λ is the wavelength of the X-ray (0.1504), θ is diffraction angle at FWHM (full width at half maximum) expressed in radians. c. Molecular Environment Determination by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy The molecular functional components of CSAC-P-TiO 2— NC were determined using Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy (Bruker Optics, Germany), equipped with a single-reflection Ge crystal attenuated total reflectance (ATR, Pike technologies), with measurements conducted in the range of 4000–400 cm -1 d. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) The thermal stability of the prepared CSAC-P-TiO 2— NC was performed by carrying out Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA, Q500, USA) under an air atmosphere from room temperature to 1000 °C with a heating rate of 10 °C/min. e. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) The particle sizes and the general morphology of the prepared nanocomposite were determined with the Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, JEOL JEM-2100F) at 200 keV equipped with a GATAN 894 US1000 camera. f. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) The elemental composition and binding energy of the nanocomposite were determined using the X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) equipment with high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HRXPS ESCALAB Xi+ Thermo-Fisher Scientific, USA) g. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) The surface morphology of prepared CSAC-P-TiO 2— NC was visualized by SEM analysis using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, Thermo Fisher Verios 460 L, USA) equipped with an Oxford Instrument energy dispersive-X-ray.
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